Soil drenches and granular pesticides have less than 30% uptake into treated plants and cannot be used near bodies of water due to leaching risks. (CRB Hawaii, 2023)
Crown sprays are short-residual contact killers prone to wind drift onto off-target plants and degrade quickly, requiring weekly re-applications. (CRB Hawaii, 2023)
University of Hawaiʻi tests show neem oil does not significantly reduce CRB larvae or adult survival. Neem oil is ineffective as a primary control measure and should not replace proven management methods. (Cheng & Melzer, 2019)